![]() In parallel, after several rounds of multiplication, the parasite establishes intracellular tissue cysts, which contain slowly or no longer replicating bradyzoites ( Jerome et al., 1998 Radke et al., 2003 Watts et al., 2015). This replication is strictly intracytoplasmatic in parasitophorous vacuoles formed by the parasite ( Schlüter et al., 2014). After infection, tachyzoites invade host cells, in which they multiply. tachyzoites and bradyzoites, the latter being present in tissue cysts. In addition to oocysts, there are two further stages of T. After one up to a few days of maturation (sporulation) in the environment, they become infective to a large variety of warm-blooded intermediate hosts (livestock, synanthropic and wild living animals such as rodents or birds, poultry or humans) if ingested ( Dubey, 2010b). Oocysts are central in the life cycle of T. environmentally resistant oocysts can only be shed with the feces of infected felids ( Dubey, 2010b). This implies that the parasite is only able to complete its sexual life cycle in these species, i.e. Domestic cats and other felids are definitive hosts of T. Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic apicomplexan parasite that is able to infect probably all warm-blooded animals, including livestock ( Dubey, 2010b Schlüter et al., 2014). gondii infections in livestock may affect human health needs to be considered and the respective costs should also be estimated, but this is beyond the scope of this article. Since these estimates are outdated, future studies are needed to estimate the present costs due to toxoplasmosis in livestock. The most recent peer reviewed reports from Great Britain and Uruguay suggest annual cost of about 5–15 million US $ per country. gondii infections cause in livestock production, is scarce. Risk factors identified by many studies are cat-related, but also those associated with a potential contamination of fodder or water, and with access to a potentially contaminated environment. Knowledge on potential risk factors is prerequisite to implement effective biosecurity measures on farms to prevent T. It also provides an overview on potential risk factors favoring infections of livestock with T. gondii in the most important livestock species and on the effects of toxoplasmosis on livestock. ![]() This review aims to summarize actual knowledge on the prevalence and effects of infections with T. in areas where the small ruminant industry is relevant. gondii may also be pathogenic to livestock where it could be responsible for considerable economic losses in some regions and particular farming systems, e.g. ![]() Since farm animals represent a direct source of infection for humans, but also a possible reservoir for the parasite, it is important to control T. In addition to infections that occur by accidental oral uptake of food or water contaminated with oocysts, it is assumed that a large proportion of affected humans may have become infected by consuming meat or other animal products that contained infective parasitic stages of T. Felids, including domestic cats, are definitive hosts that can shed oocysts with their feces. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite that can be transmitted from animals to humans.
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